Iran, due to its geographical location, has low rainfall and is considered a dry land. As a result, different regions of the country grapple with drought. The presence of water management systems, such as aqueducts and reservoirs, in most parts of the country, along with a variety of methods for conserving water for irrigation, may contribute to this claim. Considering that drought is an inherent phenomenon in Iran's climate, people have invented and used numerous methods to combat it and store water. The aim of this study is to monitor and evaluate drought in Iran. In order to realize this goal, precipitation data from synoptic, rain gauge, and climatology stations were extracted over a 51-year period, from 1970 to 2020. The results obtained from examining drought occurrences in five ten-year periods reveal that, with the exception of the third decade (1991 to 2000), drought has prevailed in the majority of Iran's regions compared to other decades. On the other hand, in the recent decades leading to 2020, the intensity of drought occurrences, especially in the Middle Zagros, has intensified, which has consistently been among the regions with the highest rainfall in Iran after the Caspian region. This situation can cause concern in Iran, a country where its agricultural production hub is established along the Zagros mountain range. Moreover, the fluctuating behavior of Iran's droughts, with return periods of 2 to 5 years, has complicated the management strategies for these types of hazards. These conditions appear to have created numerous issues in many areas of Iran, particularly in the agricultural sector of the western provinces, due to the lack of conformity with these types of occurrences.

With the enactment of the Islamic Penal Code (May 1, 2013), a number of community-based punishments entered the Iranian legal literature under the title of alternatives to imprisonment. In this regard, the study of possible challenges in the application of new criminal institutions is one of the important topics in criminal science, which will indicate the effectiveness of these institutions The authors of the article by focusing on the experience of key actors in issuing and enforcing community service orders, have attempted to identify such challenges at the judicial level through (first) a focus group was formed with the presence of 12 judges and (in the next step) interviews with 13 judges who have had experience in this area. The data gathered from the focus group and interviews indicate multiples judicial challenges in application of community service orders, which can be following into two main categories: "current and continuing punishment criteria inconsistent with the nature of community-based punishments (imprisonment- orientation and statistic-orientation)" and "lack of attention to enforcement infrastructures of community-based punishments. Based on the collected data and by analyzing the above findings, it can be argued that the existence of such challenges has been a subordinate of the wrong approach of criminal policymakers in relation to community-based punishments. This means that the legislature has been enacting policies on community service orders merely for reducing the prison population; And so, have been abandoned the preconditions for the main purpose of this punishment, which is the rehabilitation / reintegration of the convicts.

Background and Aim: Imprisonment as a Criminological Subject, Contrary to the Globalized Literature, in Iranian Law, is Called a punishment that Seek to Transform and replace the imprisonment. But in the world literature, these Measures do not only include imprisonment. Alternative Measure are theoretically linked to reductionist Criminology and the policy of reducing the Scope of Criminal Law, that they are against just desert and Punitiveness and Today, Legal and Judicial authorities are paying attention to Medical Crimes and they seek to reduce the destructive effects pf punishment on the perpetrators personality. Method: The Method of this study is descriptive-analytical and its data collection instrument is documentary-Library. Ethical Considerations: This article has completely adhered to the Moral Principles Honesty, Respect for Right and Confidentiality and the Principle of Material-Intellectual Property. Results: Today, referring to the principle of individualization of punishment, in the case of people such as doctors, the need to avoid the execution of punishment and the trend towards alternative measures is defended. Iran’s laws are relatively oriented towards these measures. Conclusion: Despite the emphasis on the use of alternative measures for medical crimes in irans Criminal Policy, the facts show that formal and repressive punishment are still cited and used by the courts more than any other measures. Please cite this article as: Mozafari A, Hasani MH, Zolfaghari M; purposes and function of alternatives to incarceration; with emphasis on medical crime, Medical Law Journal. 2024; 18: e13.

Background and Aim: Prevention of recidivism after serving the punishment plays an important role in the health and safety of the society, Achieving this requires comprehensive interventions to reform and treat offenders. Correction and treatment of criminals during the period of punishment and care after leaving has been considered by the legislator. Considering the importance of this issue, in this research, the necessity of implementing psychological interventions during incarceration and post-departure care has been investigated. Methods: From the point of view of the goal, this research is in the category of theoretical research and in terms of methodology, it is descriptive. The method of collecting information is library method by referring to specialized texts and previous researches. Ethical Considerations: In the present research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed. Results: The results showed: 1. Diagnosis of psychological disorders and early intervention during and after incarceration; 2. Providing family-oriented psychological interventions to increase social support and reduce conflicts; 3. Focus on professional training during and after There are three suitable platforms for providing psychological interventions, which play a very important role in reducing recidivism. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that there is a lot of potential in the field of diagnosis and treatment of criminals during and after discharge, it is also necessary to provide family-oriented interventions, career path counseling and vocational training to criminals. During and after leaving, it provided a platform for their social acceptance and employability. Recidivism can be prevented to a large extent by implementing these programs, so it is suggested that the planners pay attention to these findings. Please cite this article as: Ghalavand GH, Shekarchizade M, Jalilian M. The Necessity of Implementing Psychological Interventions during incarceration and Post-Departure Care. Medical Law Journal. 2023; 17(58): e31.

Purpose: Novice runners are at high risk of running-related injuries. However, their injury mechanisms are less well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of running-induced fatigue on foot roll-over pattern in novice runners.Methods: Eighteen (12 male and 6 female) novice runners participated in this study. Before and after the fatigue, plantar load distribution was recorded by Footscan system. Peak plantar pressure, peak force underneath of each zone and Medio-lateral force distribution ratio were calculated during forefoot push-off phase. Furthermore, temporal data such as time to peak force for each region and duration percent for each phase were calculated.Results: After the fatigue, an increase in forefoot and midfoot loading was observed. Results showed statistically significant reduction in the Medio-lateral force distribution ratio in forefoot push off (p=0.029). Moreover, timing percent of initial contact phase and forefoot contact phase were decreased (p=0.001 and p=0.009 respectively) and percent of forefoot push off phase duration was increased significantly (p=0.036). Time to peak force in the 4th metatarsal reduced.Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated that running-induced fatigue caused load and plantar pressure distribution consequently, roll-over deviations in novice runners. These results may provide useful information related to several running related injuries.

Background: There is a strong association between hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection which are mainly transmitted by contamination with blood via intravenous drug abuse (IVDU) or sexual contact.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of these infections and the risk factors associated with them among prisoner and non-prisoner IVDUs in Tehran, Iran.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in two jails and three drug rehabilitation centers between 2001 and 2002 in Tehran. HBsAg and HBcAb were checked using highly specific third generation enzyme immunoassays (DIA. PRO, Italy, specificity >99%, and Radim, Italy, specificity, 99.7% respectively). HCVAb was detected using ELISA (DIA.PRO, Italy) with both sensitivity and specificity >98%. HIVAb test (DRG Diagnostics kit, Germany) was performed for 459 of the 468 IDU subjects. Results: 392 prisoners and 135 individual attending drug rehabilitation centers were approached. Of the 518 subjects studied, 464 (89.5%) were male, 386 (74.5%) were prisoners and 132 (25.5%) were nonprisoners. In this study, HBsAg, HCVAb and HIVAb were positive in 19 (3.7%), 359 (69.5%) and 70 (15.5%) of subjects, respectively. These tests were positive in 17 (4.5%), 311 (80.5%) and 63 (17%) among prisoners and 2 (1.5%), 48 (36.5%) and 7 (7.8%) in non-prisoners, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that independent factors related to co-infection of HCV and HIV infection were imprisonment (p<0.001. OR: 7.5) and using common syringe (p=0.03, OR: 4.5).Conclusions: Our findings strongly suggest that drug injection inside prison carries is a risk for HIV infection and that HIV infection among IDUs is likely to be bridged to the broader population through sexual contact without using effective prevention programs.